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Images of Functional Neuroanatomy

Table of Contents

In order to best understand this atlas it is important to have a sense of the functional neuroanatomy of the brain. Over the next several pages there is a brief summary of the 5 major brain systems that relate to behavior, along with the general location seen on SPECT of these areas.

Neuroanatomy of the Limbic System

Functions

  • sets the emotional tone of the mind
  • filters external events through internal states (emotional coloring)
  • tags events as internally important
  • stores highly charged emotional memories
  • modulates motivation
  • controls appetite and sleep cycles
  • promotes bonding
  • directly processes the sense of smell
  • modulates libido
Problems

  • moodiness, irritability, clinical depression
  • increased negative thinking
  • perceive events in a negative way
  • decreased motivation
  • flood of negative emotions
  • appetite and sleep problems
  • decreased or increased sexual responsiveness
  • social isolation

Basal Ganglia Neuroanatomy

Functions

  • integrates feeling and movement
  • shifts and smoothes fine motor behavior
  • suppression of unwanted motor behaviors
  • sets the body’s idle or anxiety level
  • enhances motivation
  • pleasure/ecstasy
Problems

  • anxiety, nervousness
  • panic attacks
  • physical sensations of anxiety
  • tendency to predict the worst
  • conflict avoidance
  • Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome/tics
  • muscle tension, soreness
  • tremors
  • fine motor problems
  • headaches
  • low or excessive motivation

Prefrontal Cortex Neuroanatomy

The Prefrontal Cortex

prefrontal Cortex brain imaging
dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex
outside view
inferior orbital prefrontal cortex
inferior orbital prefrontal cortex
outside view
inferior orbital prefrontal area
inferior orbital prefrontal area
inside view
Functions

  • attention span
  • perseverance
  • judgment
  • impulse control
  • organization
  • self-monitoring and supervision
  • problem solving
  • critical thinking
  • forward thinking
  • learning from experience
  • ability to feel and express emotions
  • influences the limbic system
  • empathy
Problems

  • short attention span
  • distractibility
  • lack of perseverance
  • impulse control problems
  • hyperactivity
  • chronic lateness, poor time management
  • disorganization
  • procrastination
  • unavailability of emotions
  • misperceptions
  • poor judgement
  • trouble learning from experience
  • short term memory problems
  • social and test anxiety

Cingulate Gyrus Neuroanatomy

Functions

  • allows shifting of attention
  • cognitive flexibility
  • adaptability
  • helps the mind move from idea to idea
  • gives the ability to see options
  • helps you go with the flow
  • cooperation
Problems

  • worrying
  • holds onto hurts from the past
  • stuck on thoughts (obsessions)
  • stuck on behaviors (compulsions)
  • oppositional behavior, argumentative
  • uncooperative, tendency to say no
  • addictive behaviors (alcohol or drug abuse, eating disorders, chronic pain)
  • cognitive inflexibility
  • obsessive compulsive disorder
  • OCD spectrum disorders
  • eating disorders, road rage

Temporal Lobe Neuroanatomy

Functions

Dominant Side (usually the left)

  • understanding and processing language
  • intermediate term memory
  • long term memory
  • auditory learning
  • retrieval of words
  • complex memories
  • visual and auditory processing
  • emotional stability
Problems

Dominant Temporal Lobe

  • aggression, internally or externally driven
  • dark or violent thoughts
  • sensitivity to slights, mild paranoia
  • word finding problems
  • auditory processing problems
  • reading difficulties
  • emotional instability
Non-dominant Side (usually the right)

  • recognizing facial expression
  • decoding vocal intonation
  • rhythm
  • music
  • visual learning
Non-dominant Side (usually the right)

  • difficulty recognizing facial expression
  • difficulty decoding vocal intonation
  • implicated in social skill struggles
Either/Both Temporal Lobe Problems

  • memory problems, amnesia
  • headaches or abdominal pain without a clear explanation
  • anxiety or fear for no particular reason
  • abnormal sensory perceptions, visual or auditory distortions
  • feelings of déjà vu or jamais vu
  • periods of spaciness or confusion
  • religious or moral preoccupation
  • hypergraphia, excessive writing
  • seizures

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