Perfusion Neuroimaging Abnormalities Alone Distinguish National Football League Players from a Healthy Population.
ABSTRACT:
Background: National Football League (NFL) players are exposed to multiple head collisions during their careers. Increasing awareness of the adverse long-term effects of repetitive head trauma has raised substantial concern among players, medical professionals, and the general public.
Objective: To determine whether low perfusion in specific brain regions on neuroimaging can accurately separate professional football players from healthy controls.
Design: Study components included medical assessments, neuropsychology tests, and perfusion neuroimaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Perfusion estimates of each scan were quantified using a standard atlas. We hypothesized that hypoperfusion particularly in the orbital frontal, anterior cingulate, anterior temporal, hippocampal, amygdala, insular, caudate, superior/mid occipital and cerebellar sub-regions alone would reliably separate controls from NFL players. Cerebral perfusion differences were calculated using a two sample t-test and diagnostic separation was determined with discriminant and automatic linear regression predictive models.
Setting: Outpatient neuropsychiatric clinics.
Participants: A cohort of retired and current NFL players (n = 161) were recruited in a longitudinal study starting in 2009 with ongoing interval follow up. A healthy control group (n = 124) was separately recruited for comparison.
Results: NFL players showed lower cerebral perfusion on average (p < .001) in 36 brain regions. The discriminant analysis subsequently distinguished NFL players from controls with 90% sensitivity, 86% specificity, and 94% accuracy (95% CI 95-99). Automatic linear modeling achieved similar results. Inclusion of age and clinical co-morbidities did not improve diagnostic classification.
Conclusions: Specific brain regions commonly damaged in traumatic brain injury show abnormally low perfusion on SPECT in professional NFL players. These same regions alone can distinguish this group from healthy subjects with high diagnostic accuracy. This study carries implications for the neurological safety of NFL players.
View PDF here.