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The #1 Reason Why Troubled Teen Programs Don’t Work

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Amen Clinics

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August 12, 2024

From boot camps and wilderness therapy camps to social-emotional learning programs and behavior modification programs, the so-called “troubled teen industry” has sold promises of transformation to concerned parents for decades.

But recent documentaries like Hell Camp: Teen Nightmare and Teen Torture Inc. have exposed various alleged abuses that have taken place at programs for troubled teens. Children involved in these troubled youth programs have made claims of practices like kidnapping, starvation, forced labor, and excessively punitive measures.

Instead of helping teens, such damaging programs are more likely to worsen the emotional and behavioral issues that they were already experiencing. Some even left their teen participants scarred for life.

Moreover, the National Youth Rights Association notes that these kinds of “discipline interventions” are actually estimated to increase recidivism by up to 8%. It’s crucial that our country’s health experts develop and offer more effective alternatives.[i]

Dramatic exposés detailing abuse may make the headlines, but even well-meaning troubled teen programs often come up short. Why?

It’s because they’re missing the foundation of better mental health and wellness: the brain. Find out how focusing on brain health can be the difference-maker in helping teens overcome emotional issues and behavioral problems.

WHY ARE OUR TEENS SO TROUBLED?

Before we examine science-based treatment methods, let’s review the state of our young people today. The world has changed so rapidly in recent years that kids’ upbringings can look vastly different than their parents’.

Most of us remember that being a teenager isn’t easy—in fact, it’s one of the most tumultuous times of life. It’s normal for teens to worry about fitting in, peer pressure, and uncertainty about the future, all while navigating their growing independence and self-discovery.

Some teens, especially ones who already have a history of trauma, may cope with these challenges in self-destructive ways. Troubled teenagers may display a range of disruptive behaviors: skipping school, promiscuity,abuse, eating disorders, physical aggression, and more.

The teen years may also reveal the first symptoms of a developing mental health disorder. Research shows that about half of all lifetime mental conditions begin to emerge by the mid‐teens.[ii]

Experts theorize that our youth’s mental health may be further compromised by modern-day influences. Social media use, for example, has been linked to record levels of sadness and suicidality, especially among teen girls.

Bullying, both in-person and online, is another danger that can alter our kids’ mental health. Research has shown that being bullied can lead to physical changes in the brain, as well as increased risk for anxiety disorders, clinical depression, schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and suicidal thoughts.[iii]

Meanwhile, social isolation, propelled by factors like technology and the COVID-19 pandemic, is also associated with increased rates of anxiety and depression.[iv]

Clearly, many of our teens are in trouble—perhaps more than ever before. But we’ve witnessed that overly punishing or restrictive troubled teen programs, such as boot camps for troubled youth, can do more harm than good.

Many teens take part in these kinds of programs. According to a 2021 article by the American Bar Association, roughly 120,000-200,000 young people were residing in some type of group home, residential treatment center, a boot camp for teens, or correctional facility.[v]

Of these, more than 50,000 were placed there by their parents. But these residential treatment programs are often for-profit enterprises that aren’t overseen or regulated, either by the federal government or by individual states. It all adds up to taking a huge gamble with the potential future leaders of our country.

Using “tough love” and other unproven approaches can make teens’ problems even worse, or lead to trauma with lifelong negative aftereffects. It’s time for a scientifically sound approach to help our young people.

BRAIN-BASED RECOVERY FOR TROUBLED TEENS

Most troubled teen programs are missing the foundation of better mental health and wellness: the brain. It’s this organ, after all, at the root of emotional and behavioral problems.

Today, we know that brain health is a critical component of recovery from addictions, mental health conditions, and more. Without looking at the brain, we don’t get a full picture of the underlying issues that are influencing behavior.

Even if a troubled teen program provides genuinely helpful strategies to improve mental health and behavior, unhealthy brain function will make it harder or even impossible for those positive changes to stick. Helping teens understand and optimize their brains will allow them to begin the recovery process.

Fortunately, we now have technology that allows for targeted treatment rather than trial and error. Brain imaging using a technology called single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a state-of-the-art tool that offers a 3-D image of the brain.

Doctors diagnosing through symptoms and observations alone often prescribe young patients psychiatric medications that can have serious side effects. And these drugs might not even work effectively for common issues like depression.

 

In contrast, SPECT offers an accurate full picture of the brain, showing blood flow and activity in its different regions. The results indicate which areas of the brain are working well, which are overworking, and which have low activity.

And, because mental health symptoms can have biological causes that go undetected, SPECT helps rule out other culprits. A scan can point to, for example, head trauma/brain injury, toxic mold exposure, infections like Lyme disease, drug toxicity, or inflammation.

Scans can be performed on children of all ages. In fact, Amen Clinics has seen clients as young as 9 months. And most patients (about 85%) report improvements in symptoms and better quality of life after six months of treatment.

UNDERSTANDING BRAIN TYPES FOR EFFECTIVE TEEN TREATMENT

Another helpful aspect of brain imaging is that teens and their parents can learn more about their brain type. This information can explain why your teen is acting the way they do.

Parents can find relief in knowing these issues aren’t just a result of unchangeable character flaws, rebellion, laziness, defiance, or criminality. Knowing concrete medical causes for behavior helps teens feel less stigma and allows parents to develop more understanding.

All brains are different, but they do tend to show common patterns. Amen Clinics, through its extensive brain imaging over 30-plus years, has determined 5 basic brain types and how they influence personality and behavior. Here’s a quick breakdown of each:

• Brain Type 1: Balanced—overall healthy brain
• Brain Type 2: Spontaneous—lower activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which is associated with impulsivity and risk-taking
• Brain Type 3: Persistent—increased activity in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG), associated with compulsive worries and behaviors, rigid thinking, and intrusive thoughts
• Brain Type 4: Sensitive—increased activity in the brain’s limbic or emotional centers, possibly triggering negativity and self-medicating behaviors
• Brain Type 5: Cautious—heightened activity in the brain’s anxiety centers (such as the basal ganglia, insular cortex, or amygdala), which may provoke anxiety and/or substance use

Armed with this information, teens can start on the path to recovery. The most successful treatment plans will address the individual’s entire body—not just offer temporary bandages in the form of medication.

Helpful treatment suggestions may include:

• Keeping blood sugar levels balanced through a healthy diet
• Stress-management techniques, like deep breathing
• Adequate sleep
• Nutritional supplements
• Dopamine-stimulating activities, such as exercise, meditation, yoga, massage therapy, uplifting music, and physical touch (like hugs)
• Questioning and reframing automatic negative thoughts (ANTs)
• Joining forces with mental health professionals and/or support groups

Following brain-based steps rather than harsh punitive measures, teens are more likely to find long-term success and recovery. They can change the emotional problems, behavioral problems, destructive habits, and mental health disorders that are wreaking havoc on their families and their lives.

HOW TO HELP YOUR TROUBLED TEEN

If you’re a parent struggling with a teen who’s acting out, don’t overlook the importance of their brain. Getting them healthy requires first understanding and optimizing their brain function, then addressing their thoughts and behaviors.

Without a healthy brain, teens can’t fully reap the benefits of a treatment program. And ineffective troubled teen programs are only the tip of the iceberg. In the worst cases, as we’ve seen from some traumatizing and abusive organizations, they can make your teen’s issues even worse.

Depression, anxiety, addiction, suicidal thoughts, and other mental health issues can’t wait. At Amen Clinics, we’re here for you. We offer in-clinic brain scanning and appointments, as well as mental telehealth, clinical evaluations, and therapy for adults, teens, children, and couples. Find out more by speaking to a specialist today at 888-288-9834 or visit our contact page here.

Reviewed by Amen Clinics Inc. Clinicians

Founded in 1989 by double-board certified psychiatrist and neuroscientist Daniel G. Amen, MD, Amen Clinics Inc. (ACI) is known as the best brain and mental health company in the world. Our clinical staff includes over 50 healthcare specialists, including adult and child psychiatrists, integrative (functional) medicine physicians, naturopaths, addiction specialists, forensic psychiatrists, geriatric psychiatrists, nutritionists, licensed therapists, and more.  

Our clinicians have all been hand-selected and personally trained by Dr. Amen, whose mission is to end mental illness by creating a revolution in brain health. Over the last 30-plus years, ACI has built the world’s largest database of functional brain scans—over 250,000 SPECT scans on patients from 155 countries—related to how people think, feel, and behave.  

Dr. Amen is also the founder of BrainMD, a fast growing, science-based nutraceutical company, and Amen University, which has trained thousands of medical and mental health professionals on the methods he has developed.

In addition, he has produced 16 national public television shows about the brain and his online videos on brain and mental health have been viewed over 300 million times. Dr. Amen is a 12-time New York Times bestselling author, including Change Your Brain, Change Your Life; The End of Mental Illness; Healing ADD; and many more. His latest book, Raising Mentally Strong Kids, was published March 2024.

 

References

[1] National Youth Rights Association, The “Troubled Teen” Industry, https://www.youthrights.org/issues/medical-autonomy/the-troubled-teen-industry/

[1] Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Ustün TB. Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;20(4):359-64. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c. PMID: 17551351; PMCID: PMC1925038.

[1] Quinlan EB, Barker ED, Luo Q, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Chaarani B, Gowland P, Heinz A, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Martinot MP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Smolka MN, Fröhner JH, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G; IMAGEN Consortium. Peer victimization and its impact on adolescent brain development and psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry. 2020 Nov;25(11):3066-3076. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0297-9. Epub 2018 Dec 12. PMID: 30542059.

[1] Almeida ILL, Rego JF, Teixeira ACG, Moreira MR. Social isolation and its impact on child and adolescent development: a systematic review. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2021 Oct 4;40:e2020385. doi: 10.1590/1984-0462/2022/40/2020385. PMID: 34614137; PMCID: PMC8543788.

[1] American Bar Association, “Five Facts About the Troubled Teen Industry” by Catherine E. Krebs, https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/resources/newsletters/childrens-rights/five-facts-about-troubled-teen-industry/

Natural Ways to Help ADD

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Amen Clinics

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August 7, 2024

Having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also known as attention-deficit disorder (ADD), can have a major impact on every aspect of your life. It can negatively affect your performance at work or school, interfere with your relationships, and make you feel like a failure in so many ways.

To combat ADD/ADHD symptoms, people often look to medication. And in the traditional medical and psychiatric communities, stimulant medications are considered first-line treatments for the condition.

From 2006-2016, total stimulant usage doubled, according to a study in Plos One. Since then, the numbers keep rising. Statistics from the CDC show that from 2020-2021, prescriptions for stimulants increased 10% among females from 15-44 years of age and males 25-44 years of age.

Many people with this neurodevelopmental disorder think ADD/ADHD medication is the only solution, however, there are many proven natural strategies that can help.

NATURAL TREATMENTS FOR ADHD

Many alternatives to medication have been found to reduce ADD/ADHD symptoms, which include:

• Short attention span
• Distractibility
• Procrastination
• Disorganization
• Problems with follow-through
• Poor impulse control

This is good news for the 6 million children and 4.4% of adults who are affected by this common condition. In some cases, natural solutions can complement prescription stimulants and allow for reduced dosages.

For other people, taking a natural approach is enough to keep symptoms at bay. Talk to your healthcare provider before making any changes to your medications.

Here are some natural tips to start helping ADD/ADHD today:

1. Take a high-quality multivitamin and mineral supplement every day.

Research shows that people with ADD/ADHD often have nutritional deficiencies, including low levels of vitamin D, zinc, ferritin, and magnesium. Taking a supplement helps replenish levels of these important nutrients.

Studies have reported that daily multivitamins/minerals are beneficial for learning and also help prevent chronic illness.

2. Take omega-3 fatty acids.

Multiple studies, including a 2020 trial in Translational Psychiatry and a 2017 study in the Journal of Lipids, show that taking omega-3 fatty acids can be beneficial for ADD/ADHD symptoms, such as attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.

There are 2 active compounds in omega-3 fatty acids: EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Research suggests that fish oil higher in the EPA form of omega-3s may be the most helpful, but it depends on your type of ADD/ADHD.

Dose suggestions are 2,000 to 6,000 mg of high-quality fish oil a day for adults and 1,000-2,000 mg per day for children.

3. Eliminate everyday stimulants.

Avoid consuming caffeine or using nicotine products. The brain SPECT imaging work at Amen Clinics—over 225,000 functional brain scans and growing—shows that caffeine and nicotine decrease brain activity over time.

In some cases, the decline can be significant. In addition, both interfere with sleep, and people with ADD/ADHD often have difficulty sleeping.

4. Know your (or your child’s) ADD type.

The brain-imaging work at Amen Clinics has shown that there are 7 types of ADD/ADHD. Knowing your type is critical to getting the right treatment plan.

You can begin with our ADD Type Test to discover your (or your loved one’s) ADD Type and get a personalized overview on what to do about it.

5. Exercise daily for 30-45 minutes.

The neuropsychiatrists at Amen Clinics have seen a direct relationship between the level of exercise a patient gets and the severity of their symptoms. In general, more exercise is associated with less severe symptoms.

This is because physical activity boosts blood flow to the brain. This is critical because SPECT scans show a reduction in blood flow to the brain in individuals with ADD/ADHD. In particular, this drop in blood flow occurs in the prefrontal cortex during concentration, which makes it harder to stay focused.

Among ADD/ADHD patients at Amen Clinics, those who play sports that involve intense aerobic exercise, such as basketball, tend to do better in school or at work. Be sure to choose safe exercises that do not pose a risk for brain injuries. This means no tackle football, hockey, or soccer headers.

6. Limit screen time.

Keep television, video games, and device time to no more than 30 minutes a day. This may be hard for kids and teens, but it can make a dramatic difference.

In a 2019 study on preschoolers in Plos One, when screen time exceeded 2 hours a day, there were “clinically significant” increases in attentional problems and other symptoms associated with ADD/ADHD.

7. Think of food as medicine.

Most people with ADD/ADHD do best with a higher-protein, lower-simple carbohydrate diet. Protein helps you focus, helps balance blood sugar, and provides essential building blocks for brain health.

However, eating a higher-protein diet doesn’t work for everyone with the condition. People with Over-Focused ADD/ADHD tend to respond better to a more balanced diet with more complex carbohydrates.

8. In dealing with kids, employees, and spouses with ADD/ADHD – NO YELLING!

Many people with ADD/ADHD have low activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) due to lower levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. To feel more alert, they often find themselves seeking conflict or excitement.

They can be masterful at making other people mad or angry at them. Don’t lose your temper with them, because it often makes things worse. If they get you to explode, their unconscious, low-energy PFC activates and unconsciously, they come to crave it. Never let your anger be their medication. They can get addicted to it.

9. Get screened for other issues.

Up to 60% of people with this neurodevelopmental disorder also have learning disabilities, and they are particularly common in those with Temporal Lobe ADD/ADHD.

In addition, consider getting screened for Irlen Syndrome. This visual processing problem affects approximately 1 in 3 individuals with ADD/ADHD. Treatment for Irlen Syndrome does not require medication. Rather, it involves the use of colored eyeglass lenses.

10. Never give up seeking help.

If you aren’t getting the results you want from your treatment plan, keep investigating. Other issues, such as head trauma, co-occurring conditions like depression, or hormonal imbalances may play a role in the severity of your symptoms.

Brain SPECT imaging and lab testing may be helpful in determining if other issues are at work. Treating these underlying problems may improve symptoms and reduce or eliminate the need for ADD/ADHD medication.

ADD/ADHD and other mental health issues can’t wait. At Amen Clinics, we’re here for you. We offer in-clinic brain scanning and appointments, as well as mental telehealth, clinical evaluations, and therapy for adults, teens, children, and couples. Find out more by speaking to a specialist today at 888-288-9834 or visit our contact page here.

Alcohol or Marijuana: Which is Worse for Your Brain?

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Amen Clinics

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August 6, 2024

This blog has been updated since its original publication date.

One of the most common things people want to know is whether alcohol or marijuana is worse for your brain and overall health. The brain-imaging work at Amen Clinics and recent research suggest that neither one is good for you.

Alcohol is not a health food, and marijuana is not an innocuous substance—it is a drug. But is one of them more damaging than the other?

At first glance, it might seem that alcohol does the most damage to our brain health and general well-being because it is more widely used. Over 84% of American adults say they’ve consumed alcohol at some point in their lives. And nearly 64% of Americans aged 12 and over say they’ve had a drink in the past year, as reported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA).

Compare that to just 19% of Americans, including young people, who said they used marijuana in 2019, according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Although not as widespread, the harmful effects of marijuana on the brain, including brain development, may be greater.

Let’s take a closer look at some of the worst consequences of drinking and marijuana.

One of the most common things people want to know is whether alcohol or marijuana is worse for your brain and overall health.

CONSEQUENCES OF DRINKING ALCOHOL

There are many consequences of consuming alcoholic beverages, whether it’s beer, wine, champagne, cocktails, hard seltzer, or other types of alcohol. Here are some of the biggest repercussions.

Death: According to the NIAAA, over 178,000 deaths annually can be blamed on excessive alcohol use. This puts alcohol at #4 on the list of leading preventable causes of death in the U.S., just after tobacco, poor diet/physical inactivity, and illegal drugs.

Chronic health conditions: Some of the leading causes of alcohol-related deaths are liver disease, heart disease (including heart attack), stroke, cancer, and high blood pressure.

Traffic fatalities: Statistics from the National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA) show that in the U.S., approximately 30% of all traffic accident deaths involve drunk driving. An estimated 32 Americans lose their lives each day in crashes where someone is driving drunk.

Alcohol use disorder: For some people, drinking leads to addiction, as 29.5 million people from the young age of 12 and up have an alcohol use disorder, according to the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSUDH). Addiction can impair a family environment and destroy relationships.

Binge drinking: Over 21% of American adults engaged in binge drinking in the past month, according to the NIAAA. Binge drinking is defined as consuming 5 or more drinks for men and 4 or more drinks for women within a span of about 2 hours.

Binge drinking leads to a litany of serious consequences, such as injuries, violence, risky sexual behavior, unwanted pregnancy, and more.

Reduced brain volume: Drinking alcohol, even just 1-7 drinks per week, is associated with brain shrinkage, according to a study in JAMA Neurology. A study published in the BMJ shows that having just 1-2 glasses of wine per day is associated with atrophy in the hippocampus, an area of the brain involved in mood, memory, and learning.

Heightened risk of dementia: Recent research suggests that people who are moderate to heavy drinkers are at a 57% increased risk of developing dementia. Brain SPECT scans of heavy drinkers evaluated at Amen Clinics show low blood flow in the brain, which is the #1 brain-imaging predictor that a person will develop Alzheimer’s disease.

Poor decision-making: Even in people who are light drinkers, consuming alcohol impacts brain function and can lead to bad decisions. When people drink, it lowers blood flow to the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in impulse control, judgment, the ability to solve problems, and forethought.

Normally, the brain builds connections when focused on these functions, but alcohol impairs this process and makes people more likely to say or do things that get you in trouble—relationship trouble, financial trouble, or legal trouble.

Depression and mental health issues: Some people use alcohol as a way to self-medicate symptoms from mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Although drinking may temporarily provide relief from of symptoms, it ultimately exacerbates depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions.

ADVERSE BRAIN HEALTH EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA USE

How does marijuana affect the brain and body? Marijuana use is associated with a wide range of consequences. Some of the well-known physical health effects of marijuana include slowed motor skills as well as emphysema from exposure to marijuana smoke and other chemicals in cannabis.

How much marijuana a person uses can make a difference. Substance abuse, also known as substance use disorder, increases the risk of negative consequences and the severity of problems.

If you’ve been wondering, “Is weed bad for the brain?” take a look at the following research findings:

Traffic fatalities: A notable research study published in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs found that traffic fatalities increased by 4% and accidents with injuries jumped by close to 6% in states that had legalized recreational marijuana.

Cannabis affects reaction time, judgment, and other critical brain functions, and high doses of cannabis products cause greater impairment.

Increased risk of depression and suicidality: Most people associate recreational use of marijuana with getting high and happy (or even to treat pain). However, a 2019 review in JAMA Psychiatry concluded that early exposure, including adolescent marijuana use, is associated with a higher risk of brain problems, such as depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts.

Young adults and older folks who use cannabis regularly are also vulnerable to these mental health problems because of the effects of marijuana on the brain—even in those who might not have cannabis use disorder.

Fuels anxiety: According to a study in Neurology, more research suggests that some people who smoke marijuana (or ingest it) with higher levels of THC, the compound in the cannabis plant that causes the psychoactive effects in the brain, increased anxiousness is a common problem.

Makes you psychotic: Research in The Lancet Psychiatry about marijuana exposure shows that high-potency cannabis use may be responsible for 10% of new cases of psychosis.

Impairs memory: Using marijuana temporarily disrupts brain activity, including memory formation and puts you at risk for cognitive dysfunction later in life, according to research in JAMA Internal Medicine.

Researchers have found that THC (one of the most active ingredients) attaches to receptors in brain areas associated with memory, including the brain structure called the hippocampus.

Of course, heavy marijuana use and other factors can make that risk even higher. And, more research that was published in The American Journal of Psychiatry found that IQ points decreased in long-term heavy cannabis users compared to non-users.

Decreases brain health: In an Amen Clinics brain imaging study on the drivers of brain aging that was published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, cannabis abuse, especially cannabis use disorder—one of the most common types of drug abuse—was second only to schizophrenia in accelerating brain aging.

Schizophrenia was associated with 4 years of premature aging while cannabis substance abuse represented 2.8 years of accelerated aging. Clearly, stopping marijuana use can reduce this risk.

Alcohol abuse represented 0.6 years of accelerated aging and came in fifth on the list after bipolar disorder (1.6 years of accelerated aging) and ADD/ADHD (1.4 years of accelerated aging).

THE ALCOHOL VS. MARIJUANA CONCLUSION

So which substance is worse? Alcohol has more far-reaching consequences because it is consumed by so many more people. However, marijuana users—including medical marijuana users—are at higher risk when it comes to the direct impact of cannabis on brain development and brain aging.

For obvious reasons, heavy marijuana use can lead to even worse brain health consequences. The bottom line in terms of brain health and cognitive impairment along with overall well-being, is to eliminate or reduce the use of both these substances.

Addictions, including cannabis use disorder and alcohol use disorders, and other mental health issues can’t wait. At Amen Clinics, we’re here for you. We offer in-clinic brain scanning and appointments, as well as mental telehealth, clinical evaluations, and therapy for adults, teens, children, and couples. Find out more by speaking to a specialist today at 888-288-9834 or visit our contact page here.

Reviewed by Amen Clinics Inc. Clinicians

Founded in 1989 by double-board certified psychiatrist and neuroscientist Daniel G. Amen, MD, Amen Clinics Inc. (ACI) is known as the best brain and mental health company in the world. Our clinical staff includes over 50 healthcare specialists, including adult and child psychiatrists, integrative (functional) medicine physicians, naturopaths, addiction specialists, forensic psychiatrists, geriatric psychiatrists, nutritionists, licensed therapists, and more.

Our clinicians have all been hand-selected and personally trained by Dr. Amen, whose mission is to end mental illness by creating a revolution in brain health. Over the last 30-plus years, ACI has built the world’s largest database of functional brain scans—over 250,000 SPECT scans on patients from 155 countries—related to how people think, feel, and behave.

Dr. Amen is also the founder of BrainMD, a fast growing, science-based nutraceutical company, and Amen University, which has trained thousands of medical and mental health professionals on the methods he has developed.

In addition, he has produced 16 national public television shows about the brain and his online videos on brain and mental health have been viewed over 300 million times. Dr. Amen is a 12-time New York Times bestselling author, including Change Your Brain, Change Your Life; The End of Mental Illness; Healing ADD; and many more. Hist latest book, Raising Mentally Strong Kids, was published March 2024.

 REFERENCES

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Facts and Statistics. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-topics/alcohol-facts-and-statistics

Centers for Disease Control. Cannabis Facts and Stats, Feb. 22, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/cannabis/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol-Related Emergencies and Deaths in the United States (updated 2024). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-topics/alcohol-facts-and-statistics/alcohol-related-emergencies-and-deaths-united-states

NHTSA. Drunk Driving. https://nhtsa.gov/risky-driving/drunk-driving

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in the United States: Age Groups and Demographic Characteristics (updated 2024). 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-topics/alcohol-facts-and-statistics/alcohol-use-disorder-aud-united-states-age-groups-and-demographic-characteristics

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Prevalence of Past-Month Binge Drinking. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-topics/alcohol-facts-and-statistics/alcohol-use-united-states-age-groups-and-demographic-characteristics

Paul CA, Au R, Fredman L, et al. Association of Alcohol Consumption With Brain Volume in the Framingham Study. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(10):1363–1367. doi:10.1001/archneur.65.10.1363

Topiwala A, Allan C L, Valkanova V, Zsoldos E, Filippini N, Sexton C et al. Moderate alcohol consumption as risk factor for adverse brain outcomes and cognitive decline: longitudinal cohort study BMJ 2017; 357 :j2353 doi:10.1136/bmj.j2353

Elizabeth P. Handing, Ross Andel, Pavla Kadlecova, Margaret Gatz, Nancy L. Pedersen. Midlife Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia Over 43 Years of Follow-Up: A Population-Based Study From the Swedish Twin Registry, The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Volume 70, Issue 10, October 2015, Pages 1248–1254, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv038

Charles M. Farmer, Samuel S. Monfort, and Amber N. Woods. Changes in Traffic Crash Rates After Legalization of Marijuana: Results by Crash Severity. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2022 83:4 , 494-501. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2022.83.494

Gobbi G, Atkin T, Zytynski T, Wang S, Askari S, Boruff J, Ware M, Marmorstein N, Cipriani A, Dendukuri N, Mayo N. Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Apr 1;76(4):426-434. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500. Erratum in: JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Apr 1;76(4):447. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0464. PMID: 30758486; PMCID: PMC6450286.

Koppel, Barbara S et al. “Systematic review: efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.” Neurology vol. 82,17 (2014): 1556-63. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000363

Di Forti M, et al. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 6,5 (2019): 427-436. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3

Auer R, Vittinghoff E, Yaffe K, et al. Association Between Lifetime Marijuana Use and Cognitive Function in Middle Age: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(3):352–361. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7841

Heier MH, et al. Long-Term Cannabis Use and Cognitive Reserves and Hippocampal Volume in Midlife. American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 179,5 (2022): 362-374

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21060664

Toxic Brain Quiz: 23 Everyday Toxins That Destroy Thinking

• Amen Clinics
• August 1, 2024

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Toxic Brain occurs when environmental toxins harm the brain and contribute to mental health problems or cognitive impairment.

It’s a dangerous world out there. Every day, we’re being assaulted by environmental toxins. Harmful substances in the air we breathe, the foods we eat, and the products we rub on our skin are absorbed into our bodies via our lungs, digestive system, and pores. Eventually, they can negatively impact the brain and mind.

The more exposure you have to these everyday toxins, the more you’re putting your brain at risk. And that risk includes developing memory loss, brain fog, anxiety and depression, focus problems, anger issues, and other mental health problems.

The team of neuropsychiatrists at Amen Clinics calls this phenomenon Toxic Brain.

Unfortunately, the effects of environmental toxins on mental health and cognitive function remain virtually ignored in traditional psychiatry. Without getting to the root cause of these problems, standard psychiatric treatments often don’t work effectively. This means far too many people are suffering needlessly.

You may be one of them.

In this blog, you’ll discover more about toxic brain and its symptoms. Plus, you can take a quick quiz to determine how toxic your brain is, and what you can do about it.

WHAT IS TOXIC BRAIN?

Toxic Brain occurs when environmental toxins harm the brain and contribute to mental health problems or cognitive impairment. Environmental toxins impact nearly every aspect of your body and can damage the brain.

According to 2019 research in Environmental Health Perspectives and Plos Biology, areas that have higher levels of environmental pollution are associated with more cases of anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, psychosis, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

Brain toxicity can be seen on brain scans using a technology called single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). SPECT is a nuclear medicine study that evaluates blood flow and activity in the brain. Basically, it shows 3 things about brain function: healthy activity, too little activity, or too much activity.

On SPECT scans, a “scalloped” appearance and overall decreased cerebral blood flow are signs of possible toxicity.

Toxic Brain SPECT Scan

Scalloping and decreased overall activity and blood flow.

At Amen Clinics, which has built the world’s largest database of SPECT scans with over 250,000 scans, seeing this pattern of brain activity prompts the neuropsychiatrists and integrative medicine physicians (also called functional medicine physicians) to investigate why the brain looks so unhealthy. Is it alcohol abuse? Is it exposure to toxic mold? Or is it something else?

Asking additional questions about a person’s history, lifestyle, and work and home environments can provide clues to what’s causing the damage. In some cases, lab testing can offer insights into the root cause of Toxic Brain.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF TOXIC BRAIN?

Exposure to toxins is associated with a variety of physical and psychiatric symptoms. On the physical side, issues can include autoimmune diseases, diabetes, cancer, fatigue, numbness, tingling, tremors, allergies, abdominal pain, diarrhea, smelly stools, bad breath, weight issues, skin rashes, sweats, and more.

Research shows that from a psychiatric standpoint, exposure to toxins can increase the risk of:

• Brain fog
• Depression
• Anxiety disorders
• Learning problems
• Autism spectrum disorder
• Temper outbursts
• Psychotic behavior
• Memory problems and dementia
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

If you’re already struggling with mental health disorders, memory loss, or other cognitive issues, exposure to toxins may worsen symptoms.

TAKE THE TOXIC BRAIN QUIZ

How can you tell if you have a toxic brain? Getting a SPECT scan is the best way to know how your brain is functioning. However, even without a brain scan, you can get an idea of your brain’s toxic load.

The following quiz includes 23 everyday toxins that harm the brain and destroy thinking. Simply answer the questions honestly to assess your risk.

The more questions you answer “yes” to, the more toxic your brain is likely to be and your score will be totaled at the end of the quiz.

HOW TO HEAL FROM TOXIC BRAIN

If your brain has been chronically exposed to environmental toxins and you’re experiencing cognitive problems or a mental health condition, it’s important to investigate further.

SPECT scans can help determine if your brain shows the telltale scalloping pattern and low blood flow typically seen in Toxic Brain. And it can provide valuable insights into other possible co-existing conditions.

Even if you have a strong history of exposure to toxins, or your brain scan looks toxic, don’t despair. There is hope. You can heal your brain.

Here are some of the recommended interventions to heal from toxic brain:

1. Limit or eliminate your exposure to toxins.

You can’t completely avoid toxins, but you can limit your exposure. Here are some of the best ways to detox your brain, your body, and your life.

• Quit smoking, stop using marijuana, and limit alcohol to 2-4 glasses a week.
• Remove “silver” dental fillings.
• Reduce your consumption of toxin-contaminated foods.
• Choose organic foods when possible.
• Always wash your fruits and vegetables.
• Avoid processed foods and those with chemical ingredients.
• Choose meat and dairy that is antibiotic and hormone-free.
• Drink 3-4 quarts of clean water a day.
• Check your home for mold and eliminate it.
• Use an air purifier.
• Do a bathroom cleanse to eliminate unsafe cleaning and personal care products (use the Think Dirty app).

2. Start a brain rehab program.

The first step in any brain rehab program is falling in love with your brain. When you love your brain, you want to protect it and enhance it. This involves two things:

• Avoid things that hurt your brain. In addition to staying away from toxins, avoid other things that can potentially harm the brain. This can include undisciplined or negative thinking, bad relationships, and risky activities like biking without a helmet.
• Adopt habits that help the brain. Fill your daily routine with healthy habits, such as challenging automatic negative thoughts (ANTs), enhancing social connections, and engaging in brain-boosting activities like racquet sports and brain games.

3. Consider neurofeedback therapy.

This non-invasive therapy helps you retrain your brain to decrease mental illness symptoms, improve focus, and enhance cognitive performance. Studies point to neurofeedback as an effective tool as part of a comprehensive treatment program for substance use disorders.

Learning to avoid toxic substances like alcohol, marijuana, or nicotine can reduce the brain’s toxic load.

4. Try hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT).

This form of treatment involves breathing pure oxygen while inside a pressurized chamber. HBOT accelerates the healing process and has been found to be helpful for a wide range of brain-related issues. Some research points to HBOT as being beneficial for people with mold toxicity.

5. Take brain-enhancing supplements.

Nourishing the brain with nutraceuticals can be helpful. Omega-3 fatty acids are one of the most important supplements for overall brain health.

By following these strategies, you can help your brain heal from toxic exposure. By enhancing brain function, you can improve cognitive performance and mental well-being.

We Are Here For You

Brain fog, memory loss, anxiety and depression, and other mental health issues related to Toxic Brain can’t wait. At Amen Clinics, we’re here for you. We offer in-clinic brain scanning and appointments, as well as mental telehealth, clinical evaluations, and therapy for adults, teens, children, and couples. Find out more by speaking to a specialist today at 888-288-9834 or visit our contact page here.

Get Started

Amen Clinics

REFERENCES

Braithwaite, Isobel et al. “Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Environmental health perspectives vol. 127,12 (2019): 126002. doi:10.1289/EHP4595

The PLOS Biology Staff (2019) Correction: Environmental pollution is associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorders in the US and Denmark. PLOS Biology 17(10): e3000513. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000513

Campaign for Safe Cosmetics. “Don’t Pucker Up: Lead in Lipstick,” Oct. 12, 2007. https://www.safecosmetics.org/blog/dont-pucker-up-lead-in-lipstick/

Sokhadze, Tato M et al. “EEG biofeedback as a treatment for substance use disorders: review, rating of efficacy, and recommendations for further research.” Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback vol. 33,1 (2008): 1-28. doi:10.1007/s10484-007-9047-5

Ezra, N et al. “Improvement of attention span and reaction time with hyperbaric oxygen treatment in patients with toxic injury due to mold exposure.” European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology vol. 30,1 (2011): 1-6. doi:10.1007/s10096-010-0937-8

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Ozempic Personality: Scary Mental Effects of Weight-Loss Drugs

• Amen Clinics
• July 23, 2024

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Many Americans Are Seeking A “Magic Bullet,” Such As Ozempic, For Weight Loss. But What Are the Mental Health Side Effects?

You may have already heard about some of the newest weight-loss drugs’ unwanted physical side effects, such as “Ozempic butt” and “Ozempic face.” But, as usage of these medications grows, even more possible downsides are being put under the microscope.

Most disturbingly, people who are using Ozempic-style drugs are reporting concerning mental health changes that have led experts to coin the term “Ozempic personality.” Here, we’ll explore the growing popularity of these drugs and their potentially serious side effects, including how they may manipulate your mind.

THE RISE OF OZEMPIC

The medications known broadly as Ozempic actually include various drugs, such as Wegovy, Mounjaro, and Zepbound. These are all glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs).

Back in 2015, a review of clinical studies reported that this category of drugs offered “attractive options for the treatment of type 2 diabetes,” due to their abilities to lower both A1C (blood sugar levels) and weight.

At that time—now nearly a decade ago—the review noted that this class of drugs had grown over the previous decade. Several types were already available in the U.S. and Europe, and several more were being developed.

The researchers explained that GLP-1 RAs provide the body with GLP-1, a peptide hormone, with the ultimate effect of reducing glucose and weight through several mechanisms:

• Increasing glucose-dependent insulin secretion
• Decreasing glucagon secretion
• Delaying gastric emptying
• Increasing feelings of satiety

However, while these drugs have existed for years, 2023 ushered in such a widespread awareness of them that publications like The New Yorker called it “The Year of Ozempic.”

Also in 2023, Science named GLP-1 RAs as its Breakthrough of the Year. The journal praised these drugs’ potential for lowering obesity (and its associated chronic diseases), heart attack and stroke risk, and the symptoms of heart failure.

It’s important to note that Ozempic, designed to fight type 2 diabetes, is not advertised as a weight-loss drug. Others in the category—like Wegovy, made by the same manufacturer—are. But these drugs have in common the side effect of weight loss, which was seized upon by an American public that notoriously struggles with weight issues.

According to data from the 2017-18 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), nearly 1 in 3 adults (30.7%) are overweight, and more than 2 in 5 (42.4%) are obese. Among children ages 2-19, 16.1% are overweight and 19.3% are obese.

It’s no surprise that so many people are seeking a “magic bullet,” such as Ozempic, to help them with their weight-loss goals. But drugs like Ozempic, Saxenda, Wegovy, Mounjaro, and Zepbound do not come without side effects.

Since these drugs have surged in popularity (even triggering availability shortages), both the media and users have reported on a few of their downsides. “Ozempic face” describes a hollowed, sunken, or sagging facial appearance. “Ozempic butt” refers to a similar type of sagging in the buttocks area.

But more concerning than any physical side effects are the reports of users experiencing mental health problems and personality changes as a result of taking these drugs.

WHAT IS OZEMPIC PERSONALITY?

“Ozempic personality” refers to mood and behavior changes in people taking the drugs. According to numerous reports, GLP-1 RAs are causing mental health disorders like anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts in users. Medical experts told the New York Post that there could be several reasons for these changes, including:

• Suppressed dopamine systems
• Lack of proper nutrients due to reduced hunger
• Losing eating as a stress coping mechanism
• Disappointment with quality of life after weight loss

The New York Post also pointed out that drugs advertised for weight loss, like Wegovy and Saxenda, are required to warn users about the possibility of suicidal thoughts. But Ozempic, the treatment targeting diabetes, doesn’t need to carry the same warning.

Similarly, a report by NPR in September 2023 warned of the “possible mental health side effects” that users were increasingly reporting after taking these medications. The article noted that the FDA had fielded nearly 500 complaints through its adverse event reporting system.

These patients complained of side effects like anxiety and depression, as well as suicidal thoughts, while taking semaglutide drugs (a category that describes Ozempic, Wegovy, and Rybelsus). NPR adds that suicidal thoughts were reported in 96 of the complaints—and 5 of the patients died as a result, though it’s not known whether these drugs were the cause.

In another less-serious, but still disruptive, side effect, some patients have experienced a lack of interest in sex or loss of libido. This can be related to the anhedonia (a common symptom in people with depression) that some Ozempic users have also reported.

Anhedonia describes a loss of interest in usually pleasurable activities, and a lack of ability to feel pleasure. In fact, the way that these weight-loss drugs impact dopamine, desire, and cravings has led experts to explore their potential for treatment of other addictions.

Side effects may also occur due to the lifestyle changes that these weight-loss drugs inspire. We know that ultra-processed foods and sugar are addictive substances, and it’s not unusual for people to struggle with mental health issues or mood changes due to addiction withdrawal.

Patients who have undergone bariatric surgery, for example, have also shown an increased risk for mental health conditions like clinical depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, psychotic syndromes, and suicide.

Others may be simply reckoning with themselves in a new way after losing weight. While maintaining a healthy weight is crucial for better health overall, it’s not a cure-all that guarantees quality of life or optimal mental health. This can trigger feelings of demoralization or disillusionment, and even symptoms of depression.

ADDITIONAL PITFALLS OF OZEMPIC

While we can only speculate on the future of GLP-1 RAs, there appear to be no shortcuts to permanently enjoying better health. A 2022 study of nearly 2,000 adults found that, within 1 year after taking semaglutide drugs weekly for 68 weeks, participants regained two-thirds of the weight they had lost. Their cardiometabolic improvements reflected similar results.

In addition, semaglutide GLP-1 RAs have been studied for their potential for abuse, misuse, and withdrawal effects. One study published in 2022 warned that non-obese patients who simply desired minor weight loss could be prone to abusing these drugs as “image- and performance-enhancing” substances.

Despite these drugs’ growing popularity among Americans, the safest way to lose weight is still through the tried-and-true methods versus quick fixes. Instead of reaching for an injection that may harm your body and brain, aim for a healthy diet that eliminates ultra-processed foods, a regular exercise routine, proper sleep, and stress reduction.

WHEN WEIGHT-LOSS DRUGS BECOME DANGEROUS

If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of the “Ozempic personality,” such as depressed mood, increased anxiousness, or suicidal ideation, reach out for help from a mental health professional immediately. (In cases of emergency, contact 911 or 988, the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline.)

The long-term effects of drugs like Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro, and Zepbound will only be revealed in the years and decades to come. But even the short-term downsides for mental health can be devastating—or possibly even deadly.

Educate yourself before starting any new medication, and always remain on the lookout for mental health changes that may signal a serious issue.

Reviewed by Amen Clinics Inc. Clinicians

We Are Here For You

Depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, and other mental health issues can’t wait. At Amen Clinics, we’re here for you. We offer in-clinic brain scanning and appointments, as well as mental telehealth, clinical evaluations, and therapy for adults, teens, children, and couples. Find out more by speaking to a specialist today at 877-596-0699 or visit our contact page here.

Get Started

Amen Clinics

REFERENCES

Trujillo JM, Nuffer W, Ellis SL. GLP-1 receptor agonists: a review of head-to-head clinical studies. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Feb;6(1):19-28. doi: 10.1177/2042018814559725. Erratum in: Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun;6(3):135-6. doi: 10.1177/2042018815588879. PMID: 25678953; PMCID: PMC4321870.

https://www.science.org/content/article/breakthrough-of-the-year-2023

https://www.newyorker.com/culture/2023-in-review/the-year-of-ozempic

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health, Overweight & Obesity Statistics: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/overweight-obesity

New York Post, “Ozempic use appears to be changing people’s personalities—experts think they know why,” by Adriana Diaz, https://nypost.com/2024/04/17/lifestyle/experts-reveal-why-ozempic-appears-to-change-peoples-personalities/

NPR, “As Ozempic use grows, so do reports of possible mental health side effects,” by Sydney Lupkin, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/09/21/1200201186/as-ozempic-use-grows-so-do-reports-of-possible-mental-health-side-effects

Vox, “Is Ozempic an anti-desire drug?” by Brian Resnick, https://www.vox.com/science/24086968/glp-1-ozempic-semaglutide-craving-desire-science-wanting-liking-opioids-alcohol

Francois Z, Rizvi A. Psychiatric Complications of Bariatric Surgery. [Updated 2024 May 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK604208/

Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Kandler K, Konakli K, Lingvay I, McGowan BM, Oral TK, Rosenstock J, Wadden TA, Wharton S, Yokote K, Kushner RF; STEP 1 Study Group. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022 Aug;24(8):1553-1564. doi: 10.1111/dom.14725. Epub 2022 May 19. PMID: 35441470; PMCID: PMC9542252.

Chiappini S, Vickers-Smith R, Harris D, Papanti Pelletier GD, Corkery JM, Guirguis A, Martinotti G, Sensi SL, Schifano F. Is There a Risk for Semaglutide Misuse? Focus on the Food and Drug Administration’s FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) Pharmacovigilance Dataset. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Jul 11;16(7):994. doi: 10.3390/ph16070994. PMID: 37513906; PMCID: PMC10384093.

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Here’s a shocking fact: Researchers recently documented more than 200 medications that have depression as a side effect. Published in JAMA in 2018, the disturbing research made headlines.

While many medicines are necessary and lifesaving, increasing depression risk, especially for those with mental health struggles, needs to be carefully considered.

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To what degree the role medications with depressive side effects play in the estimated 21 million U.S. adults who typically experience at least one major depressive episode each year is not yet clear.

Here’s what is known about common medications and depression risk to help you determine with your medical doctor ways to treat medical conditions and minimize risk to your mental health.

MORE MEDICATION, MORE RISK

The mentioned eye-opening study also reported that more thanone-third of Americans take at least one of the drugs that lists depression as a potential side effect. Not surprisingly, they have comparatively higher rates of depression symptoms than those who do not take such drugs.

What’s more, with each additional medication an individual takes, the risk of developing depression increases. For example, taking one medication with depressive side effects, the risk risk of depression increased 7%; for two, it rose 9.5%; and for three or more, it jumped 15%. As older adults typically take more than one medication, they are at greater risk.

HOW TO IDENTIFY DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

Whether you’re taking medications that have depression as a side effect or not, it’s important to know what depression symptoms look like and get help if you experience them.

Major depressive disorder, also known as clinical depression, is not a temporary bout of “feeling blue” that you snap out of. It is a consequential mental health condition, especially when it goes untreated. Untreated depression leads to greater incidence of work problems, relationships problems, substance abuse, heart disease, and suicide.

During a depressive episode, you may experience any of the following feelings most of the day, every day for two weeks or more:

• • Feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, or tearfulness

• • Feelings of frustration

• • Fatigue and lack of energy making even small tasks difficult

• • Reduced appetite and weight loss

• • Increased food cravings and weight gain

• • Anxious feelings

• • Sleeplessness or sleeping too much

• • Difficulty concentrating, recollecting, or making decisions

• • Frustration, angry outbursts, or irritability over small things

• • Loss of pleasure in normally enjoyable activities

• • Slowed thinking, speech, or physical movement

• • Feeling worthless or guilty, overfocusing in past failures or self-blame

• • Suicidality

• • Unexplained physical health issues like migraines or back pain

• • Negative thoughts

7 Common Medications That Can Cause Depression

Researchers believe that medications may directly or indirectly impact your mood. They may directly impact your mood by altering levels of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Indirectly, they may cause fatigue, sleeplessness, diminished appetite, gut biome alterations, sedation, and other side effects, which may all factor into the development of depression.

In some instances, it’s not clear if depression is a result of the condition being treated or the medication. Sometimes it is both. 

1. Antibiotics

A class of antibiotics known as fluoroquinolones, commonly prescribed for bacterial infections, are associated with feeling depressed and other adverse effects in the central nervous system, reports research from 2023.

In 2016, the FDA revised the box warning of this family of antibiotics adding depression, suicidal thoughts, and other mental health conditions to a list of adverse side effects. Among the many types of fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were most frequently associated with depressive side effects.

Additionally, research has shown that taking any type of penicillin is associated with higher risk of depression—and that risk increases dramatically with each additional course of penicillin.

2. Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids are a class of anti-inflammatory medicines used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Common types include cortisone, hydrocortisone, and prednisone. They are typically used to treat conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, allergies, life-threatening organ inflammation, and more.

Using them, especially at high dosages or long-term, is commonly associated with greater risk of depression side effects, according to scientific findings. 

 

3. Antiseizure Medications

Antiseizure medications (also called anticonvulsants) help treat epilepsy and other causes of seizures, as well as conditions like bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and neuropathic pain. Some anticonvulsants are associated with greater risk of depression. The suppressive effects of the central nervous system are thought to be a factor in this increased risk.

Antiseizure drugs topiramate and vigabatrin are linked to greater risk of depression, some research indicates. Other evidence shows gabapentin may potentially increase risk of suicidality.

Additionally, benzodiazepines, which are more often prescribed for anxiety and sleep, are sometimes used for seizures and muscle spasms under the brand names Xanax, Valium, Ativan, Restoril, and Klonopin and can be addictive. They are also linked to an increased risk of depressive side effects, especially when misused or at high dosages, research has found.

4. Beta-Blockers

Beta-blockers are frequently prescribed to treat high blood pressure. Studies have shown mixed results when evaluating increased risk of depression as a side effect of the drug.

That said, some research suggests an increased risk of worsening depression for depressed individuals taking the beta-blocker drug metoprolol. And another study in The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry found strong evidence linking greater risk of depression with the beta-block drug propranolol.

In studies showing an association, depression became more prominent with longer use. Some evidence suggests that beta-blockers may indirectly cause a higher risk of depression due to their sleep-disturbing side effects. Insomnia has a strong association with depression.

5. Opioids and OTC Painkillers

Opioids are well-known to be addictive, but doctors still prescribe them in certain circumstances of intense pain. For example, they may be recommended after surgery or a traumatic injury, or for severe back pain or certain diseases such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis.

In a 2016 study of more than 100,000 individuals published in the Annals of Family Medicine, opioid pain relief use of more than 30 days was associated with statistically significant greater incidence of new-onset depression. Researchers believe that opioids alter the brain regions associated with reward and pleasure, which may consequently lead to depression.

Over-the-counter pain relievers—such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (sold as Advil, Motrin, and Aleve)—have also been linked to depressive side effects with long-term use.

6. Hormonal Birth Control and Hormone Replacement Therapy

The estrogen and progestin used in birth control methods such as the pill or patch have long been linked to a higher risk of depression. A prospective cohort study of more than 1 million women living in Denmark published in JAMA Psychiatry found that all forms of hormonal contraception were linked to an increased risk of developing the mood disorder.

Higher risks were found among adolescents and in those taking the progesterone-only forms of birth control, including the IUD.

Although some other studies have had different findings, medical professionals are still advised to discuss depressive side effects and other adverse mental health effects with individuals before they begin hormonal birth control.

Newer research indicates the same association may exist with hormonal replacement therapy, which is prescribed to help lessen menopausal symptoms.

A 2022 study published in JAMA Network Open involving more than 825,000 Danish women who initiated HRT found they had a higher risk of developing depression, particularly if they started HRT before age 50. Local application of HRT, such as a vaginal cream, was linked to a lower risk of depression.

Complicating matters, some menopausal patients experiencing low mood have fewer depressive symptoms with HRT.  Still, menopausal women should be aware of an increased risk of depression with HRT.

7. Ozempic and Wegovy (semaglutide)

Ozempic and Wegovy share the same active ingredient, semaglutide, and are both part of a class of drugs called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists.  Ozempic is FDA-approved to treat Type 2 diabetes and reduce cardiovascular disease risk in adult diabetics. Wegovy is marketed for weight loss and heart disease prevention.

Despite their intended uses, they are wildly popular for their weight-loss benefits and are reportedly used by 15.5 million U.S. adults, along with a similar drug Saxenda (active ingredient liraglutide), according to a 2024 Gallup poll.

However, a new cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism found a statistical correlation of individuals dispensed a GLP-1 drug also being dispensed an antidepressant.

More research is needed to fully understand the link GLP-1 drugs have to depression. Meanwhile, the FDA has reported receiving inquiries about depression side effects among users of Ozempic.

KEY TAKEAWAY ON MEDICATION SIDE EFFECTS

This is not an exhaustive list of common medications with depressive side effects. There are many others.

Be sure to discuss the risks of any medication you plan to take with your healthcare provider before you start. Conversely, if you are taking medication and are experiencing depressive symptoms, do NOT stop taking it. Reach out to your medical doctor or a mental health professional to discuss your treatment plan.

Depression, suicidal thoughts and other mental health issues can’t wait. At Amen Clinics, we’re here for you. We offer in-clinic brain scanning and appointments, as well as mental telehealth, clinical evaluations, and therapy for adults, teens, children, and couples. Find out more by speaking to a specialist today at 888-288-9834 or visit our contact page here.

Reviewed by Amen Clinics Inc. Clinicians

Founded in 1989 by double-board certified psychiatrist and neuroscientist Daniel G. Amen, MD, Amen Clinics Inc. (ACI) is known as the best brain and mental health company in the world. Our clinical staff includes over 50 healthcare specialists, including adult and child psychiatrists, integrative (functional) medicine physicians, naturopaths, addiction specialists, forensic psychiatrists, geriatric psychiatrists, nutritionists, licensed therapists, and more.

Our clinicians have all been hand-selected and personally trained by Dr. Amen, whose mission is to end mental illness by creating a revolution in brain health. Over the last 30-plus years, ACI has built the world’s largest database of functional brain scans—over 250,000 SPECT scans on patients from 155 countries—related to how people think, feel, and behave.

Dr. Amen is also the founder of BrainMD, a fast growing, science-based nutraceutical company, and Amen University, which has trained thousands of medical and mental health professionals on the methods he has developed.

In addition, he has produced 16 national public television shows about the brain and his online videos on brain and mental health have been viewed over 300 million times. Dr. Amen is a 12-time New York Times bestselling author, including Change Your Brain, Change Your Life; The End of Mental Illness; Healing ADD; and many more. Hist latest book, Raising Mentally Strong Kids, was published March 2024.

REFERENCES

Qato D, Ozenberger K, Olfson M,Prevalence of Prescription Medications With Depression as a Potential Adverse Effect Among Adults in the United States. JAMA. 2018;319(22):2289-2298. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.6741

Wierzbiński P, Hubska J, Henzler M, Kucharski B, Bieś R, Krzystanek M. Depressive and Other Adverse CNS Effects of Fluoroquinolones. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Aug 4;16(8):1105. doi: 10.3390/ph16081105. PMID: 37631020; PMCID: PMC10459424.

Dinan K, Dinan T. Antibiotics and mental health: The good, the bad and the ugly. J Intern Med. 2022 Dec;292(6):858-869. doi: 10.1111/joim.13543. Epub 2022 Jul 12. PMID: 35819136; PMCID: PMC9796968.

Celano CM, Freudenreich O, Fernandez-Robles C, Stern TA, Caro MA, Huffman JC. Depressogenic effects of medications: a review. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(1):109-25. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.1/ccelano. PMID: 21485751; PMCID: PMC3181967.

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ABOUT DOPAMINE

• Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
• Nucleus accumbens
• Caudate nucleus (part of the basal ganglia)
• Substantia nigra

WHAT IS A DOPAMINE DETOX?

HOW TO DOPAMINE DETOX

DOPAMINE-DUMPING ACTIVITIES TO LIMIT

• Consuming high-fat/high-sugar food combinations
• Alcohol and substance use
• Online porn
• Consuming caffeine
• Playing video games
• Watching TikTok
• Thrill seeking (skydiving, motorcycle racing, heli-skiing, running with bulls, etc.)
• Gambling
• Shopping
• Getting into relationships for the “falling in love” feeling

DOPAMINE-DRIPPING ACTIVITIES TO PRACTICE

• Regularly engage in exercise
• Begin every day by thinking of 3 things you’re grateful for
• Savor quiet pleasure that comes from simple things in your life (picking flowers from the garden, holding hands with your significant other, attending an inspiring lecture, or cooking a delicious meal)
• Spending time in nature often
• Meditate
• Make time to laugh with friends or watching a humorous show
• Bring together meaningful activities and pleasure, such as volunteering for activities you love
• Drawing or painting
• Playing with your pet
• Yoga
• Hugging
• Spending time with loved ones
• Listening to pleasurable music

By Hector Rodriquez, MD

Many people casually toss around the term “OCD” when referring to someone who tends to be highly organized, concerned about germs, or a perfectionist. But these tendencies don’t necessarily indicate a mental health disorder. It’s only when such traits are so extreme that they interfere with daily life that it’s considered a diagnosable condition.  

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition that affects 2.3% of American adults at some point during their lifetime, according to statistics from the National Institute of Mental Health. Despite its prevalence, OCD is often misunderstood and stigmatized, leading to misconceptions about its nature and impact on individuals’ lives.

In this blog post, we’ll delve into the complexities of OCD, exploring its symptoms, potential causes, and available treatment options.

WHAT IS OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)?

OCD is a chronic mental health condition characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions.

• Obsessions are intrusive, unwanted thoughts, mental images, or urges that lead to unhealthy amounts of anxiety and distress. Common examples of obsessive thoughts include fears of contamination, doubts about safety, or intrusive thoughts about harming oneself or others.

• Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that people feel compelled to perform in response to their obsessions. This is often a way to calm anxiety or avoid a perceived threat. Compulsions may manifest as rituals such as handwashing, checking, or counting, performed in a repetitive and ritualistic manner.

WHAT’S HAPPENING IN THE OCD BRAIN?

In individuals with OCD, certain areas of the brain are believed to be overactive or working too hard. These areas include:

• Orbitofrontal cortex
• Anterior cingulate cortex
• Basal ganglia

These brain regions are involved in regulating behaviors related to decision-making, planning, and the processing of emotions and rewards. Dysfunction in these brain regions can contribute to the development and maintenance of obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors characteristic of OCD.

Additionally, abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems—particularly serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate—may also play a role in the pathophysiology of OCD. Understanding these neurobiological mechanisms can help guide the development of more effective treatments for OCD.

Unfortunately, most psychiatrists never look at the organ they treat—the brain. They simply ask patients to describe their symptoms. However, considering that some of the symptoms of OCD overlap with those of other mental health disorders, it’s not surprising that OCD is one of the most commonly misdiagnosed conditions.

Taking the extra step to scan the brain with functional brain-imaging technology such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be invaluable.

Brain scans help psychiatrists determine if brain activity patterns are associated with OCD or with other conditions, so you can get the most accurate diagnosis.

SYMPTOMS OF OCD

The signs and symptoms of OCD can vary widely from person to person but typically involve a pattern of obsessions and compulsions that significantly interfere with daily functioning and quality of life. Some common OCD symptoms include:

Obsessions:

• Fear of contamination or germs
• Persistent doubts or fears about safety
• Intrusive thoughts of harming oneself or others
• Need for symmetry or orderliness
• Unwanted religious or sexual thoughts

Compulsions:

• Excessive handwashing or cleaning
• Checking behaviors (e.g., checking locks, appliances)
• Counting or repeating words or phrases
• Repeatedly arranging or organizing objects
• Mental rituals (e.g., silent prayers, mental counting)

These are only some of the most common OCD symptoms. There are many other overlooked signs of OCD that tend to be missed.

CAUSES OF OCD

The exact cause of OCD is not fully understood, but research suggests that a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors may contribute to its development. Risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing OCD include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Individuals with a family history of OCD or related mental health conditions may be more likely to develop OCD themselves.

2. Brain chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers in the brain, may play contribute to the development of OCD. Neurotransmitters involved may include dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate.

3. Environmental factors: In some people, traumatic experiences, chronic stress, and major life changes may trigger or worsen OCD symptoms.

4. Psychological factors: Certain personality traits, such as perfectionism or high levels of anxiety, may increase the risk of developing OCD.

TREATMENTS FOR OCD

Fortunately, obsessive-compulsive disorder is treatable. Psychiatrists often recommend several effective OCD treatment options to help people manage symptoms and enhance their quality of life. Some common treatment approaches for OCD include:

1. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT is a form of psychotherapy that involves identifying and questioning unhelpful thoughts and beliefs (cognitive restructuring) while adopting better coping strategies for managing anxiety (exposure and response prevention). This may include techniques to help you get unstuck when obsessive thoughts or worries loop in your mind.

2. Medication: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are one of the most common types of antidepressant medication, may be prescribed. These antidepressants are believed to help minimize symptoms of OCD by raising serotonin levels in the brain.

3. Deep brain stimulation (DBS): In severe cases of OCD that do not respond to other treatments, deep brain stimulation may be considered. DBS involves surgically implanting electrodes in specific areas of the brain to modulate neural activity and reduce symptoms.

4. Lifestyle modifications: Adopting healthy lifestyle habits such as regular exercise, adequate sleep, stress-management techniques, and avoiding substances that may exacerbate symptoms can help individuals better manage OCD symptoms. Knowing what to do is important, but knowing what not to do if you have OCD can be equally helpful.

MANAGING OCD

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a challenging and often debilitating condition that can significantly impact a person’s life. However, with an accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment, and a network of support, people with OCD can learn to manage symptoms effectively and lead satisfying lives.

If you or someone you love is struggling with OCD symptoms, it’s important to seek help from a qualified mental health professional. With the right treatment and support, recovery from OCD is possible, and there is hope for a brighter future.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder and other mental health issues can’t wait. At Amen Clinics, we’re here for you. We offer in-clinic brain scanning and appointments, as well as mental telehealth, clinical evaluations, and therapy for adults, teens, children, and couples. Find out more by speaking to a specialist today at 888-288-9834 or visit our contact page here.

Hector Rodriguez, MD, joined Amen Clinics—Miami/Ft. Lauderdale in 2022. You can follow him on Instagram at @doctor-hector or on his website at doctorhector.com.

Bilingual in Spanish and English, “Dr. Hector” manages and treats adult patients with a wide variety of diagnoses. He also has experience working with adolescents and young adults who need support and resources as they transition into adulthood. Dr. Hector is always focused in a common goal: to alleviate brain health afflictions, and improving their impact on the quality of life of his patients.

Dr. Hector’s professional and personal background have greatly shaped his approach to patient care. Dr. Hector was born in Cuba, and raised in Miami, Florida. He is bilingual in Spanish and English and provides care to patients who speak either language.

Before starting medical school Dr. Hector was a fashion and beauty photographer in Miami, which allowed him to realize his strong affinity to connect with people and getting to know them at a deeper level. His love for science led him to become a Chemistry Major at the University of Miami, and later an advanced chemistry teacher. He also completed a masters of divinity degree in theology from Trinity International University.

Dr. Hector attended Trinity School of Medicine (TSOM) in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, where he started his Medical education. He completed his clinical training in Chicago, IL where he was exposed to multiple medical specialties, and this is where he discovered a clear passion for Psychiatry.  He completed his Medical Degree in 2017 at TSOM, and then he went on to complete his residency training at Larkin community hospital in South Miami, where he was chief resident of the Psychiatry Program.

Dr. Hector’s published research includes: Gene expression for HIV-associated dementia and HIV encephalitis; as well as NeuroAIDS and Comorbidities of Neuropsychiatric Mood Disorders and their impact in sub-cultures.

During his personal time, he also enjoys blogging and writing, where he shares his knowledge with a focus on the “5 to 9 individual”, the activities we all choose to do when we are off the work clock and how they impact our lives. Dr. Hector prioritizes family time, self-care, hobbies, and physical activity. He encourages his patients to do the same.

WHAT IS DIGITAL DEMENTIA?

CAUSES OF DIGITAL DEMENTIA

1. Overreliance on Digital Devices

• Memory:Relying heavily on digital devices for information storage and retrieval can lead to a decline in memory skills. For instance, people may struggle to remember phone numbers, addresses, or other information because they rely on their devices to store this data.
• Attention Span: The constant notifications and multitasking encouraged by digital devices can lead to shorter attention spans and difficulties in maintaining focus on a single task. Smartphones have, on average, 18 different applications, and users receive an average of 46 notifications a day!

2. Reduced Mental Stimulation

• Problem Solving and Critical Thinking:When individuals use digital devices to solve problems quickly or find information easily, they may not engage in the deeper cognitive processes that strengthen problem-solving and critical thinking skills.
• Navigation Skills:Dependence on GPS and map applications can reduce spatial awareness and navigation skills, as individuals do not practice these cognitive functions as much.

3. Sleep Disruption

• Blue Light Exposure:Prolonged exposure to blue light from screens can disrupt sleep patterns by interfering with the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep. Poor sleep quality is associated with various cognitive impairments.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIGITAL DEMENTIA

• Memory problems
• Attention deficits
• Reduced cognitive abilities
• Poor navigation skills

• Having trouble remembering details, events, or tasks
• Difficulty focusing on a task and getting easily distracted by digital notifications
• Experiencing a decrease in creativity and your ability to solve problems and think critically
• Difficulty finding your way without the assistance of GPS

RESEARCH ON DIGITAL USE AND BRAIN FUNCTION

• Impaired acquisition of recent memories
• Recall of past memories
• Concentration
• Orientation
• Social functioning
• Self-care

• Gray matter is essential for controlling movement, emotions, and memory.
• White matter allows for the exchange of information and communication between different areas of your brain.

4 WAYS TO PREVENT DIGITAL DEMENTIA

1. Strive for balanced device use.

• Set specific times for using digital devices.
• Practice taking regular breaks from your devices to reduce screen time.
• Use devices for productive purposes rather than constant entertainment or social media.
• Charge your smartphone or tablet in a separate room, apart from where you sleep.

2. Engage in mentally stimulating activities.

• Engage in activities that challenge the brain, such as puzzles, reading, or learning new skills.
• Practice memory exercises, such as recalling information without digital aid.

3. Lead a healthy lifestyle.

• Ensure adequate sleep by limiting screen time before bed and using blue light filters on devices.
• Maintain a balanced diet and regular physical exercise, both of which support cognitive health.

4. Practice mindfulness and focus.

• Practice mindfulness techniques to improve attention (such as yoga, meditation, or tai chi) and reduce stress.
• Focus on single tasks rather than multitasking to enhance concentration and productivity.
• Turn off app notifications on your smartphone to facilitate greater focus.

WHEN TO GET HELP

Brain fog, depression, confusion, difficulty concentrating, anxiety, irritability, and trouble sleeping—these are all symptoms that can prompt you to seek help. In many cases, standard treatments can be very helpful. If treatment for mental health problems isn’t working, however, it could be due to a hidden underlying issue—mold toxicity.

CAST STUDY: MOLD TOXICITY

DIAGNOSING MOLD TOXICITY

COMMON SYMPTOMS OF MOLD TOXICITY ON HUMAN HEALTH

• Memory loss
• Trouble with focus and concentration
• Confusion
• Disorientation
• Mood swings
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Chronic fatigue
• Trouble sleeping
• Irritability

HOW BLACK MOLD AFFECTS THE BRAIN

• Inflammation in the hippocampus (an important memory center)
• Reduced neurogenesis (the growth of new brain cells)

TREATING MOLD TOXICITY

“It was the first time I had read anyone’s experience that matched my own,” says Kimberlyn. “I read and read and read and made an appointment that day.”

“Just to really see exactly what was happening to my brain in the SPECT scans and that I do have a toxic injury due to mold was amazing,” says Kimberlyn. “When my brain swelled from the mold exposure, I was getting almost no blood flow to my prefrontal cortex.”

“The medication for ADHD has made a huge difference in my productivity and ability to focus. That was like the bonus prize that I wasn’t even expecting,” she says.

“To see the scans and to know that you are not bipolar, you are not depressed…to see what I knew in my own gut backed up on the scans…it’s so validating and powerful,” says Kimberlyn. “The idea that there is a way to address what’s happening and that you can get better, it’s just so wonderful.”